Sunday, December 28, 2025

Antonia as the prætorium of the procurator Pontius Pilate

 


 

 

by

 

Damien F. Mackey

 

 

 

Moving on, Herod ‘the Great’ was well and truly dead by the time

that Simon Maccabee undertook his immense restorative work in Jerusalem.

Though Herod was a formidable builder (including the Pantheon),

he never built any third Temple in Jerusalem.

 

 

 

Introduction

 

That the Antonia was the praetorium is a traditional Christian view:

Antonia Fortress Explained

 

“Traditionally, Christians have believed for centuries that the vicinity of the Antonia Fortress was the site of Pontius Pilatepraetorium, where Jesus was tried for high treason. This was based on the assumption that an area of Roman flagstones discovered beneath the Church of the Condemnation and the Convent of the Sisters of Zion was 'the pavement' which John 19:13 describes as the location of Jesus' trial”.

 

And this is the traditional view as to how it got its name, Antonia?

 

“The Antonia Fortress (Aramaic: קצטרא דאנטוניה) was a citadel built by Herod the Great and named for Herod's patron Mark Antony …”.

 

But this view brings with it certain chronological difficulties from a conventional perspective:

 

“The construction date is controversial because the name suggests that Herod built Antonia before the defeat of Mark Antony by Octavian in 31–30 BCE and Mark Antony's suicide in 30 BCE. Herod is famous for being an apt diplomat and pragmatist, who always aligned himself with the winning side and the "man in charge" of Rome. It is somewhat difficult to bring this date in accordance with the presumed date for the construction of the Herodian Temple”.

 

It brings even greater difficulties when “Herod”, here, meaning King Herod ‘the Great’,

is properly identified in relation to Octavian. For we are actually in the Greek, Seleucid, era of the Maccabees. Octavian is Julius Caesar Augustus, a Greek - the infamous emperor Antiochus ‘Epiphanes’ - and Herod is his right-hand man, Marcus Agrippa, a great builder in antiquity:

 

Herod, the emperor’s signet right-hand man

 

(2) Herod, the emperor's signet right-hand man

 

He was a barbaric Phrygian (2 Maccabees 5:22).

 

Names, at this time, can be Greek: Caesar, Pontius, Pilate, praetorion, lithostrōton:

 

Pontius Pilate chose Greek before Latin

 

(2) Pontius Pilate chose Greek before Latin

 

The emperor Hadrian, who was a Grecophile, was the Seleucid monster, ‘Epiphanes’:

 

Time to consider Hadrian, that ‘mirror-image’ of Antiochus Epiphanes, as also the census emperor Augustus

 

(2) Time to consider Hadrian, that 'mirror-image' of Antiochus Epiphanes, as also the census emperor Augustus

 

He was probably also that marvellously mixed together Julian-Antiochus character, Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus:

 

Antiochus IV ‘Epiphanes’ Tripled?

 

(2) Antiochus IV 'Epiphanes' Tripled?

 

This was the era of the Nativity of Jesus Christ, and so, of course, there has to be a rebel Judas at the time of the Census (a duplication of Judas Maccabeus):

 

Judas the Galilean vitally links Maccabean era to Daniel 2’s “rock cut out of a mountain”

 

(2) Judas the Galilean vitally links Maccabean era to Daniel 2’s “rock cut out of a mountain”

 

And there has to be war going on in and around Jerusalem:

 

Religious war raging in Judah during the Infancy of Jesus

 

(2) Religious war raging in Judah during the Infancy of Jesus

 

Moving on, Herod ‘the Great’ was well and truly dead by the time that Simon Maccabee undertook his immense restorative work in Jerusalem. Though Herod was, as said, a formidable builder (including the Pantheon), he never built any third Temple in Jerusalem:

 

Only two Temples of Yahweh ever stood in City of Jerusalem

 

(3) Only two Temples of Yahweh ever stood in City of Jerusalem

 

How did the Antonia Fortress really get its name?

 

It was, as we have learned above, the prætorium of Pontius Pilate.

 

Well, according to my newly revised article identifying:

 

Procurator Pontius Pilate and Procurator Marcus Ant. Felix

 

(3) Procurator Pontius Pilate and Procurator Marcus Ant. Felix

 

Pontius Pilate must have been named, also, Marcus Antonius, which, again, can be a Greek name, Markos Antonios:

Marc Anthony Name » AstroInsightz

“The name Anthony, or “Antonius” in Latin, is believed to be derived from the Greek name “Antonios” (Αντόνιος) …”.

 

Pontius Pilate Markos Antonios, a late contemporary of the Greek emperor, Augustus, must have been the matrix for that legendary character, the colourful Mark Antony, close friend of the regally ambivalent legend, Julius Caesar:

 

‘ARE YOU A KING THEN?’

JOHN 18:37

 



 

 

Saturday, December 27, 2025

Dating the biblical books before 70 AD

 



 

As it relates to the dating of New Testament books, the pioneering labor of

John A. T. Robinson in his scholarly work Redating the New Testament 

is of great importance. He argues persuasively that all the books of

the New Testament were written before 70 A.D.”.

 

Jim Seghers


  

Dates of the New Testament – Preterist Archives

 

DATING THE BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT – OR –
THE EMPEROR’S NEW CLOTHES
by Jim Seghers

 

The majority of modern scripture scholars attribute late dates to the composition of the New Testament books in the form that we now have them. This is particularly true of the four Gospels. It is usually claimed that Mark was the first gospel written around A.D. 70. Matthew’s composition is dated in the 80’s, followed by Luke in the late 80’s. The Gospel of John is given a composition date in the 90’s.

 

One may be inclined to think, “So what! After all, regardless of the dates attributed to their composition, each book remains the written word of God because the Holy Spirit is the principal author. What does it matter?” Actually, it matters a great deal.

One naturally assumes that the proponents of late composition dates, men with academic degrees, base their conclusions on sound scholarship that is rooted in recent discoveries in History, Archeology, Patristics, Papyrology and other related fields. This is especially true because these scholars pride themselves on their “scientific” approach to biblical interpretation. Certainly, it would seem that their arguments must be buttressed by the data coming from objective research. Nothing could be further from the truth. Those supporting late authorship base their statements solely on the wobbly foundation of their own fanciful imaginations. Why is this so?


Late authorship fits conveniently into their first principles, which rejects the possibility of any reality that is beyond the scope of their personal experience. They make the limits of their finite intellects and narrow experiences the measure of God’s activity in the world he created out of nothing. Thus accounts of miracles, the resurrection, claims that Jesus is God, the definition of his mission, the founding of the Church with its hierarchical authority, and statements attributed to Jesus cannot be part of what is the actual inspired word of God. Rather these “beliefs” are explained away as a late editing which merely reflects the tenets of Christians far removed from eyewitnesses and the actual words of Jesus. These claims, of course, have no documented foundation in any historical sense of the word. In order to support this evolutionary flight of fancy it is necessary to claim that the gospels had late compositions.

 

Starting from this faithless, secular viewpoint it is easy to understand why Mark was selected as the first gospel written and the source of Matthew and Luke. This is expedient because Mark lacks many of the “embellishments” found in Matthew and Luke, for example, the institution of the Church on Peter, and the miracles surrounding Jesus birth. Support is drawn from another fashionable invention the Q document, so called from the German word quelle, “source.” “Q” is a hypothetical source from which it is claimed the Synoptic Gospels drew common material. There is no historical evidence that Q ever existed except, of course, in the fertile imaginations of revisionist scholars. The result of this foolishness is a whole system of biblical interpretation based on the myths fabricated by their creators who, themselves, have become the embodiment of the fable, The Emperor’s New Clothes. In the fable of The Emperor’s New Clothes, it required the uninhibited innocence of a child to proclaim, “The king is Nude!”

 

The resulting interpretations of many modern biblical scholars are so methodologically flawed that they should be the subjects of derision not serious study.

 

Unfortunately, just as in the fable there were many that gawkishly admired the Emperor’s invisible attire, so today there are many who fawn over these illusionary conclusions based on invisible data. At the college and university levels these speculations are taught with indiscriminate dogmatism. Woe to the inquiring student who dares to challenge these pronouncements! One is left to wonder if St. Paul foresaw these times when he prophesied: “For the time is coming when people will not endure sound teaching, but having itching ears they will accumulate for themselves teachers to suit their own liking, and will turn away from listening to the truth and wander into myths” (2 Tim 4:4). Fortunately, amid this academic madness there are voices that are exposing the nudity of much in modern biblical studies.

 

As it relates to the dating of New Testament books, the pioneering labor of John A. T. Robinson in his scholarly work Redating the New Testament is of great importance. He argues persuasively that all the books of the New Testament were written before 70 A.D. Modernists have refused to seriously investigate his scholarship, choosing instead to ignore it. However, Robinson’s thesis provides a reasonable assumption of composition dates based on sound scholarship not ideological illusion.

 

Recently the scholarly work of the papyrologist, Carsten Peter Thiede (d. 2004), has received widespread notice. He persuasively argues that Matthew’s Gospel is the account of an eyewitness to the events of Jesus’ life. His pathfinding book written with Matthew D’Ancona, Eyewitness to Jesus, published in 1996, argues that the Magdalen Papyrus of St. Matthew’s Gospel was written around A.D. 60.

 

Between Robinson and Thiede other persuasive voices have also challenged the late dating nonsense.

 

Gunther Zuntz, the internationally recognized authority on Hellenistic Greek, assigned the date 40 A.D. as the most likely date of Mark’s composition. Orchard and Riley in their book, The Order of the Synoptics, argue that Matthew was written in A.D. 43. Reicke’s “Synoptic Prophecies on the Destruction of Jerusalem,” in Studies in New Testament and Early Christian Literature: Essays in Honor of Allen P. Wikgren, 1972, give the years 50-64 A.D. for the composition of Matthew. Eta Linnemann’s two works: Historical Criticism of the Bible: Methodology or Ideology? and Is There a Synoptic Problem? Rethinking the Literary Dependence of the First Three Gospels provide a piercing debunking of the myths of modern biblical scholarship. What makes her arguments so penetrating is the fact that she studied under Rudolf Bultmann and Ernst Fuchs.

 

Kenneth L. Gentry, Jr. in his doctoral dissertation, Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation, argues persuasively that John wrote the Book of Revelation before 70 A.D. David Chilton in his excellent commentary on the Book of Revelation, The Days of Vengeance, comes to the same conclusion. Dating of the Book of Revelation is important since even most revisionist scholars affirm that it was the last New Testament book written.

 

The impressive work of Claude Tresmontant, a distinguished scholar at the Sorbonne, confirms Robinson’s thesis. He bases his arguments on language and archaeology. He points out, for example, that in John 5:2 that “there is [estin in Greek, not “was”] at Jerusalem, at the sheep gate, a pool named in Hebrew Bethzatha. It has five porticos.” This makes no sense if Jerusalem was reduced to a heap of stones 25 or 30 years earlier. (See: Claude Tresmontant, The Hebrew Christ and The Gospel of Matthew.) Father Jean Carmignac of Paris also assigns early composition to the four Gospels. Carmignac, a philologist with exceptional skills in biblical Hebrew, was a noted scholar of the Dead Sea scrolls and the world’s most renowned expert on the Our Father. His The Birth of the Synoptic Gospels is a lucid summary of his thesis.

 

 

As a result of the persuasive erudition of these and other scholars a shift is occurring away from the blind acceptance of late New Testament authorship. An example of this shift is reflected in Fr. George H. Duggan’s fine article in the May 1997 issue of Homiletic & Pastoral Review titled: “The Dates of the Gospels.” By the grace of God may this trend continue!

 

February 7, 1998

 

+ + + + + +

 

 

Damien Mackey comments:

 

Read also:

 

Fr Jean Carmignac dates Gospels early

 

(4) Fr Jean Carmignac dates Gospels early

 

Fr Jean Carmignac dates Gospels early. Part Two: Institut Catholique de Paris ignores Carmignac

 

(4) Fr Jean Carmignac dates Gospels early. Part Two: Institut Catholique de Paris ignores Carmignac

 

 

Thursday, December 25, 2025

Pope encourages us to be in awe at “the wisdom of Christmas”

 


 

Pope Leo: Announce the joy of Christmas, a feast of faith, charity, and hope - Vatican News

 

Pope Leo: Announce the joy of Christmas,

a feast of faith, charity, and hope

 

During the Christmas Mass during the Night on the Solemnity of the Nativity of the Lord, Pope Leo XIV encourages us to announce "the joy of Christmas" and to celebrate it as "a feast of faith, charity and hope."

 

Vatican News

 

Presiding over the Christmas Mass during the Night in Saint Peter's Basilica, Pope Leo XIV recalled the bright star, "a spark newly lit and blazing with life" that illuminated the night sky, astonishing the world, as recounted in Luke's Gospel: “The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light; those who dwelt in a land of deep darkness, on them has light shined” announcing “to you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, who is the Messiah, the Lord.”


“Into time and space – in our midst – comes the One without whom we would not exist. He who gives his life for us lives among us, illuminating the night with his light of salvation. There is no darkness that this star does not illumine, for by its light all humanity beholds the dawn of a new and eternal life.”

God living among us

 

In his homily, Pope Leo described how in the birth of Jesus, "God gives us nothing less than his very self, in order to 'redeem us from all iniquity and purify for himself a people of his own'" And to find the Savior, we must look below to find God among us in the manger.

 

“The omnipotence of God shines forth in the powerlessness of a newborn; the eloquence of the eternal Word resounds in an infant’s first cry; the holiness of the Spirit gleams in that small body, freshly washed and wrapped in swaddling clothes.”

 

The child's need for care "becomes divine since the Son of the Father shares in history with all his brothers and sisters," the Pope added, and this divine light emanating from Jesus "helps us to recognize humanity in every new life." To help heal our blindness, the Pope said "the Lord chooses to reveal himself in each human being, who reflect his true image, according to a plan of love begun at the creation of the world."  And recalling words of Pope Benedict XVI, he noted that if we make room for the human person, then there is room for God. 

 

New life in the Child Jesus

 

The Pope encouraged us to be in awe at "the wisdom of Christmas" as God gives the world a new life, his own, in the Child Jesus, in "a love story that draws us in." 

 

“In response to the expectations of peoples, he sends a child to be a word of hope. In the face of the suffering of the poor, he sends one who is defenseless to be the strength to rise again. Before violence and oppression, he kindles a gentle light that illumines with salvation all the children of this world.”

 

God becomes like us, revealing the infinite dignity of every person," the Pope underscored, in contrast to a world where humanity can seek to become “god” in order to dominate others. He said "in the heart of Christ beats the bond of love that unites heaven and earth, Creator and creatures" and recognizing this reality is key to changing our history, letting God's light of mercy and love shine forth.

 

Joy flourishes, life changes

 

Recalling Pope Francis' words last year on this day after he opened the Holy Door of Saint Peter's Basilica to mark the start of the Jubilee Year, Pope Leo affirmed how "the Nativity of Jesus rekindles in us the 'gift and task of bringing hope wherever hope has been lost,' because 'with him, joy flourishes; with him, life changes; with him, hope does not disappoint'”

 

Sharing the joy of Christmas

 

In conclusion, the Pope encouraged everyone to experience and share "the joy of Christmas, which is a feast of faith, charity and hope." In faith we see how "God becomes man, born of the Virgin," while in charity we experience how "the gift of the redeeming Son is realized in fraternal self-giving."  And we celebrate the hope of Christmas, as "the Child Jesus kindles it within us, making us messengers of peace."

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wednesday, December 10, 2025

 


The Shining Glory Cloud 

(Kavod: כָּבוֹד)

 

 

by

 

Damien F. Mackey

 

 

 

 

“It stopped” (Matthew 2:9).

Heavenly bodies do not stop.

The Glory Cloud did (Numbers 9:17).

 

 

 

 

It is commonly (though not biblically) known as the Shekinah.

 

One might say that, wherever the Lamb went, the Glory Cloud was sure to be there.

 

It manifested itself in the Book of Exodus, as Barry Setterfield said:

 

Barry Setterfield partly correct about Christ’s Star in Matthew

 

(3) Barry Setterfield partly correct about Christ’s Star in Matthew

 

as a: 'Pillar of cloud by day, and a Pillar of fire by night' (see Ex.13:21.22 etc), and, in Matthew 2, as the “Star” of the Magi.

 

Also, as a Burning Bush (Exodus 3).

 

The Magi called it “his Star” (Matthew 2:2) because they knew that it was inseparable from Him.

 

“It stopped” (2:9). Heavenly bodies do not stop. The Glory Cloud did (Numbers 9:17): “When the cloud moved from its place over the Tent, the Israelites moved, and wherever the cloud stopped, the Israelites camped”.

 

The Bible interprets itself.

 

The Magi and the Star that Stopped

 

(3) The Magi and the Star that Stopped

 

In far more recent times, when the resplendent Christ Child accompanied his Mother, Our Lady of the Rosary, to Pontevedra, Spain, on 10th December, 1925, He stood upon the same Glory Cloud.

 

Vatican grants a Jubilee Year to the Shrine of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in Pontevedra for the centenary of Our Lady’s Apparition to Sister Lucia.

 

The Vatican has granted the Convent-Shrine of Pontevedra, in Spain, the privilege of celebrating a Marian Jubilee Year from December 10, 2025 to December 10, 2026, on the occasion of the centenary of the apparition of Our Lady and the Child Jesus to Sister Lucia. It was during this apparition, on December 10, 1925, that the devotion of the First Five Saturdays of the month was requested by Our Lady. The devotion consists in going for Confessing, receiving Holy Communion, reciting five decades of the rosary, and keep Our Lady’s company for 15 minutes while meditating on the mysteries of the rosary, with the intention of making reparation to Her Immaculate Heart. 

 

The commemoration will begin on December 10, 2025, date of the apparition and will be extended to December 2026. In granting this Jubilee Year, the Holy See is offering a special period of spiritual graces to all those who shall make a pilgrimage to the Shrine of Pontevedra and fulfill the required precepts to obtain the indulgences of the jubilee.

 

The World Apostolate of Fatima has launched an International Congress in Fatima and a pilgrimage to Pontevedra and Santiago of Compostela from December 5 to 12, 2025, with the purpose to grow in knowledge and devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary and to join the solemn celebrations of the centenary of the apparitions in Pontevedra, reinforcing the importance of the First Saturdays request.

 

Registrations are still open! If you have not registered yet, please rush to do it and do not miss this unique opportunity. For more information and registration click here: https://congress.worldfatima.com/#info

 

 A Helpful Guide to the First Saturday Devotion

 

In order to obtain the promise of Our Lady, this devotion must be properly understood and duly performed. The requirements stipulated by Our Lady are as follows:

 

(1)    Confession, (2) Communion, (3) five Decades of the Rosary (4) meditation on one or more of the Rosary Mysteries for fifteen minutes, (5) to do all of these things in the spirit of Reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, and (6) to observe these practices on the First Saturday of five consecutive months.

 

 

1. Confession

 

A confession of reparation means that the confession should not only be a worthy confession (valid and licit), but also be offered in the spirit of reparation, in this case, to Mary's Immaculate Heart. There is no need to formulate this offering in words, nor is there any need to inform one's confessor; but the intention to offer it in reparation must be made at least before receiving absolution; it also may be made when going to confession or even when deciding to go a few days earlier.

This confession may be made on the First Saturday itself, or eight days before or after the First Saturday, and it also may be associated with another devotion. Thus the confession made in connection with First Friday devotion may likewise be offered in reparation to Our Lady's Immaculate Heart in connection with the First Saturday devotion. The doubts that had risen in Sister Lucia's mind on this matter were resolved by the Child Jesus in His apparition to her of Feb. 15, 1926. She explained to Him the difficulties some experience in getting to confession on Saturdays, and asked whether confession made within the preceding eight days would suffice, the Child Jesus replied:

"Yes, the confession could precede, even for a longer period of time, provided when they receive Me, they be in the state of grace, and the confession is made with the intention of making reparation to the Immaculate Heart of My Mother."

"But if the person forgets to make the intention of reparation at that confession?" asked Lucia. Our Lord told her, "Let him make the intention in the next confession, taking the earliest possible opportunity to confess."

 

2. Holy Communion

 

The Communion of reparation must be sacramental (actual reception of the sacred Species), duly received with the intention of making reparation. This offering, like the confession, is an interior act, and so no external action to express the intention is needed. The communion must be made within twenty-four hours of the First Saturday. For good reason, approved by our Pastor, we may receive the Communion on the next day, the Sunday following the First Saturday (a concession granted by the Child Jesus Himself).

 

3. The Rosary

 

The Rosary mentioned here was indicated by the Portuguese word "terzo", which is commonly employed to denote a Rosary of five decades, since it forms a third of the full Rosary of fifteen decades. This, too, must be recited in the spirit of reparation. It is customary on Saturdays to meditate on the Glorious Mysteries, but there is nothing to prevent one from meditating on either the Joyful or Sorrowful Mysteries. In our apostolate it is customary (but not obligatory) to arrange the meditations as follows:

 

Joyful Mysteries:

First Saturdays of December, January, February, and July

Sorrowful Mysteries:

First Saturdays of March, April, and September

Glorious Mysteries:

First Saturdays of May, June, August, October, and November

 

But the important thing is to say the Rosary well by doing one's best to be attentive and to meditate on the Mystery as we offer each decade. As in the other cases, one should make the intention to offer the Rosary in reparation to the Immaculate Heart at least at the beginning of the Rosary.

 

4. Meditation for Fifteen Minutes

 

This meditation on one or more Mysteries of the Rosary is to be made without simultaneous recitation of the decade of Hail Mary's. As indicated above, the meditation may be either on one Mystery alone for fifteen minutes; or on all fifteen Mysteries, spending about one minute on each mystery; or again, meditation on the Mysteries of a five decade Rosary, which can be made before each decade, spending three minutes or more in considering the mystery of that particular decade. This latter is the custom in our own apostolate.

This meditation, likewise, has to be made in the spirit of reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, and a mere intention suffices. But we should take care to truly meditate. Meditation consists in thinking over the events as if we were actually present at the scenes mentioned in the Mystery, or in considering what we would have done had we been present. Finally, meditation concludes with a determination or resolution of some sort to amend our life, according to the lesson taught in the Mystery, in our behavior at home, at work, in our dealings with others, etc.

 

Many find it difficult to meditate because they have never made the attempt to do so. But a start could be made by using holy pictures depicting the different Mysteries, or by reading slowly and devoutly appropriate meditations prepared for our use, or even by reading the Gospel narratives containing the Mysteries, with or without commentaries. Those who are unable to read could be counseled to spend fifteen minutes in recalling to mind all that they know about the Birth, Infancy and Childhood of Jesus (Joyful Mysteries); about the sufferings of Jesus represented in Lent, Holy Week, and the Stations of the Cross (Sorrowful Mysteries); and about Easter, the Ascension, the Coming of the Holy Ghost and its effects upon the Apostles and the world. Consider also the life of Our Lady from Pentecost until her death and her glorious Assumption into Heaven, where she exercises her privilege as the Mother of God in order to obtain from her Divine Son graces for her children on earth, even coming down bodily to earth at times, in order to warn us of the great dangers ahead and to give us timely aid to combat them.

There have been many apparitions of Our Lady, but those at Fatima are the first where meditation on the Mysteries of the Rosary is specifically requested. It is obvious that this request is to teach us how to recite the Rosary properly, and to derive many aids for the amendment of our lives and for our sanctification. If many do not say the Rosary properly, or consider themselves incapable of doing so, it is because they are unfamiliar with the events connected with each of the Mysteries, and their immense significance to each of us. This fifteen minute meditation, as requested by Our Lady, will help us to concentrate on each of the Gospel scenes in the Mystery, and to recall to mind the lessons they contain. What a beautiful, simple way to grow in our knowledge, love, and service of God!

 

5. The Spirit of Reparation

 

All these acts, as said above, must be done with the intention of offering reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary for the offenses committed against her. Every one who offends her, commits, so to speak, a two-fold offense, for these sins also offend her Divine Son, Jesus Christ, and so endanger our salvation. They give bad example to others and weaken the strength of society to withstand immoral onslaughts. The acts of our devotions, therefore, force us to consider not only the enormity of the offense against God, but also the effect of sins on human society, as well as the critical need for undoing these social evils, even if the offender repents and is converted. Further, this reparation emphasizes our enormous responsibility towards sinners who, by themselves, will not pray and make reparation for their sins. In the words of Our Lady so well remembered by little Jacinta, "So many, many souls go to Hell, because there is no one to pray and sacrifice for them!"

 

In short, this devotion brings before us our obligations to our neighbor, and reminds us that a true love of God overflows into a genuine love of our neighbor, above all by endeavoring to help him save his soul. An excellent way of doing this is through the example of our own spirit of reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. Our living and effective devotion to Our Lady leads us to elevate our moral and religious standards, and so works to raise the standards of the family, community, and country in which we live.